Nowadays, particular importance attaches to the choice of court agreement as a common clause in international commercial contracts. Nevertheless, for not taking point regarding the validity of such clauses in some legal systems, there are some challenges and ambiguities about it. One of most important problems is the conflict such agreements with sovereignty of state principle and concept of public policy. This essay with surveying the concept of choice of court agreement and also studying some related conventions and regulations shows this agreement is acceptable based on the party autonomy principle. Also by changing the philosophic basis of extra territorial jurisdiction’ s rules, jurisdiction agreement doesn’ t hurt sovereignty of states. The extra territorial jurisdiction rules is not related to public policy in all cases to say the jurisdiction agreement against them is invalid. The approach of some legal systems such as European Union and international instruments support the view of essay.

This study deals with the role of historiography in preserving Iran's territorial integrity. The author believes that historiography in all periods of Iranian history has been a most important tool for preserving and reproducing Iranian territorial identity. It also strengthened the nationalism and has increased the importance of Iran's territorial integrity to elites and public opinion.,

Background  Most the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) countries are currently facing the challenges of the health transition, the aging of their populations and the increase in chronic diseases. Effective and comprehensive primary healthcare (PHC) services are considered essential for establishing an equitable, and costeffective healthcare system. Developing care coordination and, on a broader scale, care integration, is a guarantee of quality healthcare delivery. The development of healthcare systems at the meso-level supports this ambition and results in a process of territorial structuring of PHC. In France, the Health Territorial and Professional Communities (HTPC) constitute meso-level organizations in which healthcare professionals (HCPs) from the same territory gather. We conducted a study to determine, in a qualitative step, the key elements of the territorial structuring of PHC in France and, then, to develop, in a quantitative step, a typology of this structuring. Methods  A sequential-exploratory mixed-method study with a qualitative step using a multiple case approach and a quantitative step as a hierarchical clustering on principal components (HCPC) from a multiple correspondence analysis (MCA). Results  A total of 7 territories were qualitatively explored. Territorial structuring appears to depend on: past collaborations at the micro-level, meso-level coordination among HCPs and multiprofessional structures, diversity of independent professionals, demographic dynamics attracting young professionals, and public health investment through local health contracts (LHCs). The typology identifies 4 clusters of mainland French territories based on their level of structuring: under or unstructured (38.6%), with potential for structuring (34.7%), in the way for structuring (25.3%) and already structured territories (1.4%). Conclusion  Interest in territorial structuring aligns with challenges in meso-level healthcare organization and the need for integrated care. Typologies of territorial structuring should be used to understand its impact on access, care quality, and medical resources.

General understanding is that the idea of occupying Kuwait was born in 1990 when Kuwait was occupied and annexed to Iraq. However, Iraq’s Baath Party statesmen dreamt about occupying Kuwait or parts of it since they snatched power in 1968. During that 22-year period, they did not relinquish their territorial claims to Kuwait and raised them at any opportunity. Geopolitical constraints constitute the most important problem that Iraq faces in the Persian Gulf. Iraq’s access to the Persian Gulf waters is very limited. Baath Party leaders were aware of this problem and were trying to solve it. They believed that Iran’s Khuzestan province and Kuwait could eliminate Iraq’s geopolitical constraint. Since Iraq had not been able to achieve its goal of dissociating Iran’s Khuzestan province through eight years of war with Iran, when that war was over, Baghdad pursued its second goal; that is, occupation of Kuwait.

In general, the modem state in the west was the product of relationships and interactions of socio-political actors in pre-capitalist order. The Christianity's approach toward the phenomenon of power turned out to be starting-point for the modem state in the west. In reverse, Iran's pre-capitalist order did not transform to the new order in the period between the dissolution of the Sassanid till the rise of the Safavid and even in the epoch of the dominance of Islamic ideology. In Iran, Islam with its cultural signs deterred the transition to the new order of the modem state in political, economic and social arenas. The Iranian state adapted its territorial relationships to the framework of Islamic Omma.

Introduction Iran is a rugged landscape with varied morphologies. Kermanshah Province is a mountainous region which lies between the Iranian plateau and Mesopotamia at Zagros Mountain Range. This area has geopolitical military value and importance. Past experiences have shown that large military units are not suitable for operations in this area. This is a problematic area for opposing forces, because natural geographical conditions make coordination difficult. During the Imposed War, the area has been continuously attacked by the enemy, due to its prevailing geographic conditions. After the war, the presence of US forces and more recently ISIS terrorists in Iraq have increased the sensitivity of the region. Now, despite the presence of a Shi'a government in Iraq, the region is continuously provoked and made insecure by transborder forces. Considering the policy of our enemies (America, terrorists, etc. ) in the region, the vicinity of Iranian city of Qasar-e Shirin to the city of Khanqin in Iraq has made it possible to use the region as a source for offensive operations against Iran or conducting any operation in the region. Regarding military threats from the west, this axis is the best place to advance and dominate the western regions. It is also used by armed insurgents seeking to threaten and perform ruinous operations in the region. In this regard, it is necessary to examine and analyze topographical phenomena and defensive capabilities of this axis from a natural and human geographic perspective. Qasr-e-Shirin axis in Kermanshah has several capabilities for territorial defense of the province. One of the most important capabilities is the use of geographic topographic factors affecting widespread military regular and irregular operations. These factors result in channeling and delaying of operations and show the effects of topography on the implementation of military movements, disrupting the order of operations and loss of commanders’ concentration. Few researches have considered this important issue and geographical capabilities of this axis, as a means for defending the western region, have not been investigated scientifically and systematically. Materials & Methods The research method is descriptive-analytic. Thus, the following process was predicted to achieve the objectives of the plan.-Secondary research-Investigating natural factors in the studied area considering 1: 50000 and 1: 250000topographic maps, data and indexes are recorded on digital model of the region.-Digital capturing and 3D reconstruction of the region by Surfer Software.-Field observations, photographing and filming geographical phenomena in the region, adapting to documentary data and using the comments of military experts and senior commanders in the region and province.-Analyzing the morphology and studying topographic phenomena and defense capabilities of this axis from a geographic perspective. Results & Discussion The axis extends from Khosravi to the entrance of Kermanshah city with a length of 188 km. This road was previously called Iran's security corridor. Now, it is called Karbala Highway and has a significant and strategic role in the relationship between the two countries, Iran and Iraq, and other countries with similar religious interests. The new and old route connecting Tehran to Karbala or Baghdad cross this region. The geographic location of the region and the direction of these elevations are parallel to the border. The ground slope gradually decreases from east to west, and the elevations continue up to the Mesopotamia. In the eight years of Iranian Sacred Defense, Qasr-e-Shirin, Diyala, Khanqinin, Dehliz-e patag were considered to be operational axes. Therefore, due to being mountainous; ethnic, racial, religious convergence and divergence of indigenous inhabitants with the Islamic Republic of Iran and Iraq, this axis was studied and analyzed with the aim of protecting territorial zones of the Islamic Republic of Iran and creating a defensive plan for the region. Perhaps, it can be claimed that the most appropriate axis for advancing toward the central parts of Iran is the western region of the country (Qasr-e Shirin axis, Eslamabad-e Gharb, Kermanshah). Therefore, it is necessary to study the defensive features and identify its strengths and weaknesses. Also, recognizing natural landscapes, identifying passages, routes, and important defensible bridges makes it possible to use natural and topographical features and prevent the enemy from advancing toward the center of the country. Conclusion Kermanshah Province and the city of Qasr-e-Shirin are bordered by Iraq. They are also located near the centers of Takfiri, ISIS, and terrorist crisis, which can cause insecurity on local, regional and national levels. In order to ensure security, some aspects need to be investigated, which to some extent rely on natural and human factors and the presentation of a territorial defense plan in the region. Regarding the geographic location of the region, natural factors are a positive point. By taking control of sensitive areas, it is possible to control and stop military movements. Examining geographic factors, we can mention the following issues: (A) Elevations in the Kermanshah province: going from east to west, the ground elevation decreases, and Kermanshah highlands overshadow the Mesopotamian plain, which provides the possibility of performing any offensive and defensive operation for Iran. (B) Studying communication pathways in border regions of Kermanshah province, it can be concluded that communication pathways have an important role in achieving military, political, economic goals. Routes connecting Qasr-e-Shirin to Sar-e Pol Zahab, Eslamabad-e Gharb and Kermanshah have strategic military, political, and economic value. During Iran-Iraq war, these road was used for military and political purposes, but today they are used for economic purposes. C) By examining the geometric features of the border between Kermanshah province and Iraq, it can be concluded that the convex form of Qasar-e Shirin border is of military importance for Iran and thus, Iraq first occupied this area during Iran-Iraq war. Finally, this axis passes through mountainous narrow areas, and thus it is the best place to delay, stop, and channel enemy's ground movements.

The concepts of development and justice have long been considered and the focus of attention of planners, politicians and national, regional and provincial or local managers, and in this, the purpose and appropriateness of the distribution of facilities and population based on geography is considered to be the main focus. Land preparation, which is a combination of the three sciences of economics, geography and sociology, includes organizing and systematizing measures for the national or local natural-social-economic space, which is based on the formulation of the main direction of the country's long-term development in a view from above. national and determination of reflections, facilities and capabilities and obstacles and bottlenecks and combining the above two processes in dealing with economic sectors and coordination between sectors and regions. The land preparation approach in all aspects complements and resolves the deficiencies that, with the ability to create a balance between the three elements of man, space and activities and provide a logical arrangement of activities in the field of land, should be in the stages of developing development plans (long-term, medium-term, short-term). And their implementation should act as a dominant view and a high-handed document, which has its own importance from the point of view of defense and passive defense and the relationship between defense and security. In this article, the factors of threats and weaknesses in this area, which are actually the source of challenges, are discussed with an environmental perspective. Challenges and elimination of weaknesses are stated and finally suggestions are presented in the field of achieving balanced development